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Total costs by countries

This option opens a data display window named Emission abatement costs - selected countries, that displays a table with calculated emission abatement costs in million ECU/year for all selected countries and all years available in the model for a selected scenario.

Menu path:

Costs / Total / Country totals

Total costs by regions

This option opens a data display window named Emission abatement costs - selected regions, that that displays a table with calculated emission abatement costs in million ECU/year for all selected regions and all years available in the model for a selected scenario.

Menu path:

Costs / Total / Region totals

Costs by fuel over time

This option calculates the emission abatement costs and opens a data display window named Abatement costs by fuel, that displays a table (or graph) of emission control costs (in million ECU/year) within selected countries/regions categorized by fuel type. Costs figures are given for all years available in the model and for a selected scenario.

Menu path:

Costs / Aggregations / Cost by fuel

Toolbar button:

Costs by sector over time

This option calculates the emission abatement costs and opens a data display window named Abatement costs by sector, that displays a table (or graph) of emission control costs (in million ECU/year) within selected countries/regions categorized by economic sectors. The table lists cost figures for the years available in the model and a selected scenario.

Menu path:

Costs / Aggregations / Cost by sector

Toolbar button:

Costs by fuels per sector

This option opens a data display window named Cost by fuel per sector, that displays a table of control costs (in million ECU/year) within selected countries/regions categorized by fuel type and economic sector. The table lists cost figures for a specified year and a selected scenario.

Menu path:

Costs / Aggregations / Cost by fuel per sector

Toolbar button:

Cost curve option

This option opens a data display window named Cost curve that displays an emission abatement cost curve for the pollutant under study within the selected region.

The cost curve can be displayed in tabular or graphical form. The Table view window displays for the the selected scenario, region and year the maximum emissions in kilotons. The table includes columns listing fuel, economic sector, control technology (F-S-T), unit costs( in ECU/ton pollutant removed), marginal costs (in ECU/ton pollutant removed), actual amount of pollutant removed (kt), remaining emissions (i.e., maximum emission less cumulative emissions removed, in kt), total cumulative control costs in million ECU/year, installed capacity of control equipment (in thousand MW thermal), and investments required for installation of control equipment (in million ECU). If the control option does not require the installation of control equipment (e.g., use of low-sulfur fuel), then zeros ('0') are displayed in the last two columns. The figures for pollutant removed are incremental, i.e., they show the amount of pollutant abated using a particular control technology above the amount already removed using another control technology previously applied for the same fuel-sector combination.

You can also display the cost curve using the Graph view window, which shows total costs (in million ECU/year) and marginal costs (in ECU/t pollutant removed) against the total emissions remaining (in kilo-tons).

Menu path:

Costs / Aggregations / Cost curve

Toolbar button:

Remarks:

The current implementation of RAINS displays cost curves that begin with the emission level calculated for the selected scenario. Thus, all abatement technologies assumed in the scenario are taken into account while calculating the initial emission level. The actual cost curve includes only controls for capacities that have remained uncontrolled in the selected scenario. The costs of control measures already included in the selected scenario can be located in the appropriate table (Costs/Totals/Region totals).

Abatement measures assumed in a given scenario might not be cost-optimal. To obtain a cost curve that ranks all possible control measures according to their cost-efficiency, the cost curve has to be generated for the "no control" control strategy. Such a strategy assumes that all emission sources are uncontrolled in the future years (i.e., 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010). Further, it ignores the future effects of controls already installed in the base year (1990). Cost curves for the base year (1990) should be generated only for those scenarios, that do not include the effects of the base year controls.

For some scenarios and selected regions a message "Table is empty" may appear. This means that for the selected year this particular scenario assumes full control (i.e., on 100 percent of the capacities in the region), and thus no further controls are possible.

Save cost curve into file

This option saves the cost curve for the current scenario and region into a file for further use. For instance, RAINS OPT needs national cost curves as an input.

Menu path:

Costs / Aggregations / Save cost curve into file

Cost parameters - SO2

On selecting this option, a sub-menu appears which enables you to display various parameters that are used in the calculation of SO2 abatement costs. The sub-menus available under this option are presented below. The sections that follow describe each option in detail.

• Common parameters >
  • Relative flue gas volume
  • Price differentials for LS fuels
  • Technology specific common data on control
  • Process emission control costs
• Country specific parameters >
  • Technology specific data for control options
  • Wages, interest rates, electricity cost
  • Boiler size
  • Annual operating hours
  • Lifetime of control equipment
• Regional coefficients >
  • Removal efficiency & cost coefficients

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters >

Relative flue gas volume - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Relative flue gas volume, that displays a table with the relative flue gas volume for different fuel types as used for the cost calculation. Relative flue gas volumes are expressed as their ratio to hard coal (HC), which is defined as 1.0. This parameter is common for all regions/countries.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Relative flue gas volume

Price differentials for LS fuels - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Price differentials for low sulfur fuels, that displays a table of price differences for each fuel where low-sulfur fuel can be used as an emission control measure. The price difference is expressed in million ECU per Petajoule per percent sulfur content (million ECU/PJ/%S). For instance, if low-sulfur fuel has a sulfur content 0.3% lower than that of the original fuel used in a given emission source, then the unit control cost for that source (in million ECU/PJ fuel) is the price difference for the appropriate fuel (from the table) multiplied by 0.3. This price difference is common for all regions/countries.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Price differentials for LS fuels

Technology specific common data on control - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Technology specific common data on control technologies, that displays a table of different control technology-related parameters in their respective units. These parameters include coefficients for the investment cost function, demand for labor, energy, sorbents and waste disposal (by-products). These parameters are common for all regions/countries. The parameters are as follows:

• RETRO - Retrofit cost factor; used for calculation of unit investment costs for existing capacities, [%/100];
• INV_C - Constant coefficient in the investment cost function, [ECU/kW thermal];
• INV_V - Variable (boiler size dependent) coefficient in the investment cost function, [1000 ECU];
• FO_M - Fixed operation and maintenance costs (in relation to investment costs), [%/100/year];
• LABOR - Labor costs, [manyear/GWthermal];
• ELDEM - Electricity demand, [GWh/PJ thermal];
• SORBDEM - Sorbent material demand, [t/t SO2 removed];
• BY_PROD - By-product produced, {t/tSO2 removed].

A few parameters (e.g., coefficients of the investment cost function) depend on boiler/furnace size. Therefore, values for such parameters are given for three boiler/furnace size ranges (UCAP_FROM - unit capacity from ... to UCAP_TO - unit capacity to ...):

• less than 20 MW thermal
• 20-300 MW thermal and
• greater than 300 MW thermal.I

"#" in the unit of cost parameter means "thermal", i.e., fuel input to the boiler (furnace).

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Technologie specific data on control

Process emission control costs - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Process emission control costs, that displays a table of unit control costs for process emissions (i.e. SO2PR). Here the unit costs are in ECU/ton SO2 removed. These unit costs are common for all regions/countries.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Process emission control costs

Country and technology specific data for control options - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Technology specific data for control options that displays a table of cost parameters that are country- and control technology-specific. These parameters include sorbents and by-products/waste disposal costs, which are dependent on the selected country . In case the control technology produces a useful product that has its market price (e.g., elementary sulfur), the by-products/waste disposal cost is negative.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Technology specific data for control options

Wages, interest rates, electricity cost - SO2

This option opens a data display window named Country specific data: wages, interest rate, electricity cost, that displays a table of country-specific data used in cost calculations like labor costs (WAGES), interest rate on borrowed money (INTRATE) and electricity costs (ELECST) in their respective units. These parameters are dependent on the country selected.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Wages, interest rates, electricity cost

Wages, interest rates, electricity & sorbent cost -NOx

This option opens a data display window named Country specific data: wages, interest rate, electricity and sorbent costs, that displays a table of country-specific data used in cost calculations like labor costs (WAGES), interest rate on borrowed money (INTRATE), electricity costs (ELECST), and sorbent (ammonia) costs (NH3CST) in their respective units. These parameters are dependent on the country selected.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Wages, interest rates, electricity & sorbent costs

Boiler size

This option opens a data display window named Boiler size, that displays a table of average boiler/furnace sizes for different fuel types and various economic sectors in MW of thermal input. The boiler/furnace size is dependent on the country selected.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Boiler size

Annual operating hours

This option opens a data display window named Plant factors - annual operating hours at full load, that displays a table of average annual operating hours (in hours/year) for boilers/furnaces in the various economic sectors using different fuel types. The average operating hours are dependent on the country selected.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Annual operating hours

Cost parameters - NOx

On selecting this option, another sub-menu appears which provides facilities to view various parameters that are used in calculation of abatement costs. The following sections describe each option in detail.

• Common parameters >
  • Technology specific data for stationary sources
  • Technology specific data for mobile sources
  • Catalyst volume for stationary sources
  • NOx process emission control costs
• Country specific parameters >
  • Wages, interest rates, electricity & sorbent costs
  • Boiler size
  • Annual operating hours
  • Lifetime of control equipment
  • Fuel consumption and fuel prices for mobile sources
• Regional coefficients >
  • Cost coefficients

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters >

Technology specific data for stationary sources -NOx

This option opens a data display window named Technology specific common data for NOx control on stationary sources, that displays a table of different control technology-related parameters in their respective units. These parameters include coefficients of investment cost function, demand for labor, energy, sorbents and waste disposal (by-products). These parameters are common for all regions/countries. The parameters are as follows:

• RETRO - Retrofit cost factor; used for calculation of unit investment costs for existing capacities, [%/100]
• INV_C(1),. (2) - Constant coefficients in the investment cost function, [ECU/kW thermal]
• INV_V(1), (2) - Variable (boiler size dependent) coefficients in the investment cost function, [1000 ECU]
• FO_M - Fixed operation and maintenance costs (in relation to investment costs), [%/100/year]
• ELDEM - Electricity demand, [GWh/PJ thermal]
• SORBDEM - Sorbent material (ammonia) demand, [t/t NOx removed]
• CATCOST - Cost of the catalyst (if used in a given technology), [ECU/m3]
• CATLT - Lifetime of catalysts, [hours].

A few parameters (e.g., coefficients of investment cost function) depend on boiler/furnace size. Therefore, values for such parameters are given for three boiler/furnace size ranges (UCAP_FROM - unit capacity from ... to UCAP_TO - unit capacity to ...):

• less than 20 MW thermal
• 20-300 MW thermal and
• greater than 300 MW thermal.I

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Technology specific data for stationary sources

Remarks:

"#" in the unit of cost parameter means "thermal", i.e., fuel input to the boiler (furnace).

The coefficients C1 and V1 have non-zero values only for control technologies which include two control options, for instance combustion modifications (CM) plus selective catalytic conversion (SCR).

Technology specific data for mobile sources (NOx)

This option opens a data display window named Technology specific data for NOx control on mobile sources, that describes a table of control technology-related parameters for mobile sources in their respective units. These parameters are common for all regions/countries. The parameters are as follows:

• Inv_c - Unit investment costs, [ECU/vehicle]
• Fo_m - Fixed operation and maintenance costs (in relation to investment costs), [%/100/year].
• Fueldem - Relative increase in fuel demand caused by the control measure, [%/100].

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Technology specific data for mobile sources

Lifetime of control equipment

This option opens a data display window named Lifetime of control equipment, that displays the assumed values for the expected lifetime of the control equipment for every economic sector. These values, expressed in years, are country specific. They are displayed for all sectors/vehicle types distinguished in the SO2 and NOx modules. However, for the SO2 module, add-on controls are possible only for the following stationary sources: conversion (CON_COMB), industry (IN_BO, IN_OC) and power plants (PP_EX_WB, PP_EX_OTH and PP_NEW).

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Lifetime of control equipment

Catalyst volume for stationary sources - NOx

This option opens a data display window named Catalyst volume for stationary sources, that displays a table of catalyst volume necessary in case the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is applied as a control measure. The catalyst volume depends on fuel type and economic sector and is given in m3/MW thermal.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / Catalyst volume for stationary sources

Process emission control costs - NOx

This option opens a data display window named Process emission control costs for NOx control, that displays a table of unit control costs for process emissions (i.e., PRNOX). Here the unit costs are in ECU/ton NOx removed. These unit costs are common for all regions/countries.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Common parameters / NOx process emission control costs

Fuel consumption and fuel prices for mobile sources - NOx

This option opens a data display window named Fuel consumption and fuel prices for mobile sources, that displays a table of fuel consumption (in GJ/vehicle/year) for each type of transport mode as well as the prices of transport fuels (in ECU/GJ). The prices are net of taxes. It should be stressed that the information on average fuel consumption per vehicle is approximate and is used only for estimating emission control costs. Emissions are estimated based on total fuel consumption taken from national energy projections.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Country specific parameters / Fuel consumption and fuel prices for mobile sources

Cost coefficients - NOx

This option opens a data display window named Cost coefficients for NOx, that displays unit NOx control costs (in ECU/t NOx removed) for each fuel/sector/control technology combination.

Menu path:

Costs / Cost parameters / Regional coefficients / Cost coefficients

Tile format option

This option rearranges all the open windows into the tile format, occupying the whole main window display area. However, this option is only effective if more than one window is currently opened.

Menu path:

Window / Tile

Cascade format option

This option rearranges all the opened windows in cascade format. However, this option is only effective if more than one window is currently open.

Menu path:

Window / Cascade

Close all windows

This option closes all open windows and iconified windows.

Menu path:

Window / Close all Windows

Contents

This option provides an on-line help. It opens the Table of contents of the on-line documentation of RAINS in the HTML viewer.

Menu path:

Help / Contents

Index

This option provides an on-line help. It opens the RAINS Index of the on-line documentation of RAINS in the HTML viewer.

This option provides calls the on-line help. It opens the Table of contents of the on-line documentation of RAINS in the HTML viewer.

Menu path:

Help / Index

About RAINS

This option provides an on-line help. It displays information about RAINS in the HTML (help-) viewer.

Menu path:

Help / About RAINS

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