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The New option opens a new Map
window with a map of the study area.
This window first displays an
empty map with no associated grid values. To assign values to individual grid
cells in the map, you can either run the Model /
Deposition option or load your own data (using the Load
option).
Each grid cell is then assigned a value, which is displayed in
colour according to the selected legend. Once the data is loaded in the map's
grid cell, you can manipulate this data or combine this data with another set of
data. Without the loaded data, the map would simply be an "empty" map
with no "overlaid" data values.
Please look at Map window to get a description of the Map window and it's facilities.
Menu path:
File / New
The Load option opens a data base and allows you to select a field or fields from it. The selected data are then loaded into the current map's grid cells. The data is loaded from the selected field(s) according to the load formula defined by the user.
Specify the file to be opened in the File selection window.
After this, in the subsequently displayed Multiple load window select one or several fields from the selection list below the Select Fields prompt. This list displays all the fields from the currently opened data base.
Select the load formula from the selector type next to the Load Formula prompt. Presently four load formulas are available:
Each of these formulas are self-explanatory.
The OK button accepts the selected field(s) and load formula, and updates the current map window with the loaded data.
The CANCEL button closes this window without updating the current map window.
Menu path:
File / Load
The Combine option allows you to select a field or fields from the open data base file for loading and combining the data into the current map's grid cells. The data is combined according to the formula and combination rules defined by the user.
To begin, select a field or a number of fields from the selection list below
the
Select New prompt. This list displays all the fields from the currently
opened data base. Type in the load formula using the combination of value boxes
and selector type. This load formula is then used when combining the data from
the currently opened data base file and the current map's grid cell data. Here
you can assign a multiplicative (weighing) factor to both old and new values (in
two value boxes provided just before "* Old" (present grid value) and "*
Selected New" prompts, respectively).
Using the SELECTOR TYPE button
(in the center of this formula), the following possible combinations can be
defined:
where "fact1" and "fact2" are the multiplicative factors for the old and selected new values, respectively).
Another facility, called Combination rules for missing values is available. Select the missing value from the selector type next to the Missing Values prompt. Presently four types of combining modes (for missing values) are available:
Based on the combining style and load formula selected, data for a particular grid cell will exist if the selected combination rule is observed.
The OK button accepts the selected field(s), load formula and combining style for combining missing data, and updates the current map window with the loaded data.
The CANCEL button closes this window without updating the current map window.
The HELP button displays this help text.
Menu path:
File / Combine
This window allows you to save the currently displayed map's grid cell data into a given data base file name. Using the File selection window, you can save a file to a particular drive and directory.
Type in the desired file name (next to the "Filename" prompt) or simply select the required file from the list of available files displayed in the selection list ( just below the "Filename" prompt). If required, you can change the drive and directory path using the selector box and selection list, respectively.
The OK button closes this window and opens a field selection window where you can add a field to which the data will be saved.
The CANCEL button closes this window without saving the data to a file.
The HELP button displays this help text.
Menu path:
File / Save as ...
This window allows you to print the currently displayed map and/or data to a printer or file.
RAINS uses for its graphic output the PostScript language. Graphs can be printed directly on a connected PostScript printer or saved to an Encapsulated PostScript file (.EPS) on disk. These PostScript files created by RAINS can be imported into various text processing and graphical software packages. In particular, EPS files of colour or gray shaded graphs can be further edited in CORELDRAW 5 and converted into a variety of different graphic formats (e.g., Windows Metafiles).
There are six different styles of printing available:
Select one of these options.
If you selected the "User-defined PostScript header" option, specify the name of the header file. Header files contain printing information such as page layout, page size, shifts, etc. which is sent to the printer when printing this file. This is a useful option for customizing print colours and patterns. In-depth POSTSCRIPT knowledge is necessary for creating a header file.
If "Numbers" is selected, then format information (next to the "Format" prompt) must be provided for the values to be printed for each grid cell. The numbers at the format prompt indicate how many digits will appear to the left and right of the decimal in the map's data values. Care should be taken not to select unnecessarily large or detailed formats, to maintain legible output.
Select the destination of output from the combo box (port name or file) and specify, if necessary, the file name.
The OK button closes this window, and sends the map to the printer or file.
The CANCEL button closes this window without executing the printing operation.
The HELP button displays this help text.
Menu path:
File / Print
The Close option closes the current window.
Menu path:
File / Close
This option closes the RAINS-DEP program and takes you back to the WINDOWS95 desktop. Before exiting the program, it asks you to confirm, whether you would really like to exit RAINS-DEP or cancel this operation and continue with the program. On selection of this option (or combination of <Alt> and <F4> keys), all the windows would be closed, and you would be exited from DEP.
Menu path:
File / Exit
The Legend option allows you to load, edit and save desired shades for use in legends. You can modify displayed colours on the screen, control the colours in hard copy prints, select black and white shading patterns. Both foreground and background colours can be selected.
The Legend option opens a folder with the following pages:
Selecting the OK button closes this window after accepting the change in colour and accordingly updates the colour in the Legend window.
The CANCEL button closes this window without accepting the change in colour.
The HELP button displays this help text.
Menu path:
Map / Legend
This window is used to
The scrollable list on the right side shows you all available legend files.
Load existing files:
Select one of the existing legend file in the list on the right, press the LOAD button, and confirm with OK. The Legend file prompt on the right side will display the name of the current legend file selected.
Change old / create new legend files:
Enter the new name into the 'Legend file:' prompt on the top left side or select the existing filename in the list on the right. Press SAVE and confirm with OK.
Change the number of classes:
If you want to change the number of classes in the legend, just enter the desired number in the 'Number of classes' box at the bottom and confirm with OK. The maximum number of legend classes is 9!
CANCEL aborts all changing, also those made on the other Legend pages.
This page provides you with the facility to edit the limits for your legend
classes. It displays the lowest data value occuring in the map (fist line -
lower:
limit). You can specify for each class the upper limit (Class N
limitN).
If you want to change the limits, click into the field
behind the number of the class and enter the new value. Return to
General and confirm with OK.
This panel provides you with the facility to modify shading colours of the map.
If you want to change one of the colours, click into the coloured box next to the class. A Shading menu will open, where you can compose your new screen colour of mixing different foreground and background colours from the combo boxes. If you are satisfied with the resulting colour displayed in the 'Shading' box on the top of the page, confirm with the OK button.
CANCEL aborts the session, HELP displays on-line help.
This panel provides you with the facility to modify the shadings for black & white prints. Experience shows that standard gray shadings are not always reproducable for many photo-copy machines. RAINS contains features to substitute standard gray shading of classes with fine-structured line patterns, which can be easily reproduced also by less advanced copying machines.
To change the shadings of the classes, click on the shading pattern behind the class number you want to change. A Select shade panel appears, providing a horizontally scrollable list of available shadings. Select one of them. Return to the General page to confirm your selection with OK.
You can cancel this operation by clicking the 
button on top right of the
Select Shade panel.
This panel provides you with the facility to change the print colours for the PostScript colour printings. The numbers in the boxes represent the percentage of brightness (or darkness in case of 'black') of the basic colours cyan, magenta, yellow and black. The combination 50, 0, 0, 0 represents a medium green/blue (50% cyan and nothing else); 0, 0, 0, 100 would be a solid black.
To change a colour, click with the mouse either into one of the colour fields or into a 'black'-field and change the numbers. After this, return to the General page and confirm with OK.
Remarks:
The Print-colour page enables you to define TRUE colours. All colours are defined in so-called 'CMYK-Tables' (cyan, magenta, yellow, black). For professional printings it might be useful to have a CMYK table at hand.
You may define your own gray shadings (e.g., if you do not have a colour printer) if all other values except black are set to zero.
This option enables you to obtain national mean values of the grid data displayed in the current map. Depending on the loaded map, tables with the following data will be produced:
You may save the table into a file (SAVE button).
Menu path:
Map / Country means
The Load area option allows you to select and load previously defined subregions of the map.
In the Select region window, enter the file name of a previously defined (and saved) subregion. You may select a file from a list shown in the center of the window.
Confirm the selection by OK. The new map will be displayed in the current Map window, replacing the earlier loaded map.
The CANCEL button will abort the process and will you put back into the current map displayed in Map window.
Menu path:
Map / Load area
This option allows you to edit or change the boundaries of the map displayed in the Map window.
In the Define region panel you have to provide the EMEP coordinates of the left top and right bottom corners in the respective value boxes.
The OK button closes this window after updating the boundaries of the map displayed in the current map window.
The CANCEL button causes this window to close without updating the displayed map.
The HELP button displays this help text.
Alternatively, you may also zoom into a subregion of the currently loaded map with your mouse. Simply put the mouse pointer to the top left corner, press the right mouse button and keep it pressed while dragging the mouse to the bottom right corner. Release the button there.
Menu path:
Map / Edit area
This option allows you to save the currently displayed map region for future use under another file name in the text box provided for this purpose.
This option allows you to save the currently displayed region with user defined name.
After selection of this option a Get Name panel appeares. Enter a name at the prompt and confirm with
OK (or abort with CANCEL). If you confirm the new region will be stored and can be loaded with Select Area.
Menu path:
Map / Save area as
This window displays the previously saved map files for the region or country. You can select the desired map file name from the selector list for deletion.
If you want to delete the region, confirm with OK or abort with CANCEL.
Menu path:
Map / Delete area
This option allows you to select whether you want display shading for sea regions.
Menu path:
Map / Options
This window allows you to run the atmospheric transport and deposition model for a single pollutant and to calculate deposition over the selected countries/regions, for a particular scenario and year. You can run the Deposition option only for a single pollutant. If you want to explore deposition of several pollutants, you have to run this options for each pollutant separately, save the results into a database file and combine them specifying the appropriate combination rules.
The Deposition model window contains sub-windows for the three pollutants. Select the desired pollutant. In the sub-window, select one of the available emission scenario files from the selector list (these files have been generated with EMCO before). Select the desired year and the unit (grams/m^2-yr or eq/ha-yr) in which deposition is to be calculated.
The OK button starts the model which calculates deposition in desired units, for the given scenario and year. The progress of the calculation is displayed, and when complete, the current map window displays the calculated deposition.
Note that the results of these calculations are saved into a temporary data base file, which can be later combined with other data using the File/Combine option. Note, hwoever, that this data base file is only related to the current map window and is not available for other map windows.
You can use the Data browser option to explore contributions from individual sources to deposition at a specific grid cell.
The CANCEL button closes this window without performing any calculation. The HELP button displays this help text.
Menu path:
Model / Deposition
This window allows you to determine, for a given emission scenario, the
percentage of unprotected ecosystems, i.e., the percentage of ecosystems with
deposition above their critical laods.
You can perform the calculation for
acidification and eutrophication.
A critical load is defined as a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified elements of the environment (e.g., vegetation, agriculture, etc.) do not occur according to the present knowledge. Significant harmful effects of acid deposition are assumed to occur when critical values of chemical compounds in forest soils and freshwater are exceeded.
The map shows the percentage of ecosystems in each grid cell that receive deposition above their critical load. The critical load data base contains, for each grid cell of the study area, a cumulative frequency distribution of the critical loads for acidity and eutrophication, against which the deposition pattern is compared.
In order to guide you through the steps necessary for the calculation, RAINS
assists you with a special wizard.
This
wizard contains the following pages:
Wizard pages:
After receiving some brief explanation about the assessment procedure, you will be asked to specify
Menu path:
Model / Unprotected ecosystems
This option allows you to calculate conditional excess deposition for
acidity.
Using the latest critical loads concept,
critical loads can be expressed
as functions of sulfur and nitrogen deposition. The sulfur/nitrogen substitution
ratio is determined by the denitrification rate, which is an ecosystem-specific
parameter. Due to the variability of this rate there is no unique measure for
excess deposition. It has been suggested to express excess deposition by one
pollutant, assuming a constant deposition of the others - the concept of
conditional critical loads.
Using the concept of conditional critical loads means that a certain deposition of one pollutant (e.g., sulfur compounds) is assumed as given. The remaining potential to 'fill up' the critical loads is then expressed in terms of nitrogen deposition and defined as the 'conditional critical load for nitrogen'. Assessing excess deposition will then compare actual nitrogen deposition for a given scenario and year with these conditional critical loads. Excess deposition can then be expressed in terms of nitrogen deposition. Obviously, the same approach can be applied to calculate excess deposition in terms of sulfur.
In order to guide you through the steps necessary for the calculation of (conditional) excess deposition, RAINS assists you with a special wizard.
Wizard pages for calculating excess deposition:
After receiving some brief explanation about the assessment procedure, you will be asked to specify
Menu path:
Model / N or S excess deposition
This option determines, for a selected percentile of the critical loads, deposition in excess of the critical loads for eutrophication. The model calculates nitrogen deposition (from emissions of NOx and ammonia) and compares it with the critical load for eutrophication for the selected percentile.
In order to guide you through the steps necessary for the calculation, RAINS assists you with a wizard.
The CANCEL button stops the hole operation and returns to DEP. HELP provides you with on-line help.
Wizard pages for calculating excess deposition for eutrophication:
After receiving some brief explanation about the assessment procedure, you will be asked to specify
Menu path:
Model / Excess deposition (eutriphication)
This option enables you to explore input data and interim results used for the calculation of the grid values of the currently loaded map. You can only inspect data which are kept in the working memory. Obviously, the features of this option depend crucially on the currently loaded map.
The following general three cases can be distinguished:
Menu path:
Model / View details
If a Deposition map is currently loaded, the View details option enables you to display the deposition of emissions resulting from one or several individual emission sources.
Before you look at the dispersion of emissions from individual emitters, you can aggregate sources in several ways. Earlier defined Source sets are listed in the Source groups combo box. If you want to look at one or several sets of emission sources stored in one of these source groups, select it in the combo box before you start the View details option. If you want to create new source sets, use the Edit source groups option of the Model menu.
After selecting View details, the View deposition sub-window allows you to pick out the particular sources you are interested in (from the source set selected in the Source groups combo box). Here you also may edit selected source sets (EDIT button).
Confirm with OK. DEP will open a new Map window and display deposition from the selected sources.
As usual, CANCEL aborts this process, and HELP provides on-line help.
If the current map was created with the Unprotected ecosystems option, View details ) will enable you to display the deposition of the three compounds (sulfur, oxidized nitrogen and reduced nitrogen) and the conditional critical loads for nitrogen.
Specify in the View details window the pollutant of interest. Confirm with the OK button. DEP will display the desired data set in a new Map window.
This option provides you with the facility to view deposition of single pollutants for the current map. You can view
After selection of this option a View details panel appears. Select
here which data you want to be displayed (click into the check boxes) and
confirm with OK. Afterwards DEP will open a new
Map and show the deposition data for
the current scenario and year in detail (in mg/m2-year).
While running the
calculation, the Running prompt shows the status of the calculation.
As usual CANCEL aborts and HELP provides on-line help.
As explained in the context of the RAINS-optimization module, the optimization identifies the cost-minimal allocation of emission reductions satisfying specified target deposition levels. The Create OPT target file option enables you to create the necessary deposition target files for the RAINS-OPT module.
In the context of a multi-pollutant problem (such as acidification), target deposition levels are formulated as critical load functions, describing the interaction (e.g., substitution potential) of the involved pollutants (e.g., sulfur and nitrogen compounds).
The critical loads database implemented in RAINS contains critical load functions for the full range of ecosystems percentiles. Consequently, it is necessary to start the creation of an optimization target file from a map displaying data which could be interpreted as ecosystems percentiles (i.e., as the target percentiles of unprotected ecosystems - ecosystems receiving deposition above their critical loads). Such percentile maps may be produced directly through the 'Unprotected ecosystems' option or could be the result of a sequence of numerical manipulations of geographical grid data, e.g., using the 'File/Combine' and 'Calculate' options.
Critical loads functions for a given percentile take into account the properties of many individual ecosystems and have therefore in general a complex form (hyperlink). For purposes of the optimization (i.e., to keep the optimization task manageable), the critical load functions for the optimization targets are approximated by trapezoid functions.
Note, that this approximation is only performed for creating deposition target files. For evaluating the critical loads achievement of a given deposition pattern, DEP uses the full information on critical loads function. Consequently, minor inconsistencies may occur.
You can create target files for acidification and/or eutrophication.
Upon starting the option, DEP will ask you to confirm that the currently displayed data should be interpreted as the target percentiles of unprotected ecosystems. Confirm with the CONTINUE button, or cancel.
Next, a window will be displayed asking for the file name of the target file.
Finally, you have the option to substitute the target values for extreme percentiles (e.g., for the zero-percentile) with the values of less sensitive ecosystems (e.g., with the two-percentile). This is a useful option if you want to exclude uncertainties associated with the critical loads assessment of the most sensitive ecosystems. If you specify a value in the box, for all grids which have a more sensitive target ecosystem selected in your active map, the critical loads function for the specified percentile will be used.
Menu path:
Model / Create OPT target file
Source sets are sets of emitters, which can be defined by the user. Compilations of source sets are stored in Source group files, and can be used in the View details option, by the Data browser window and Source groups option of the main window.
With the Edit source group option you are able to load, edit and save source groups.
After selection, you are asked to select the name of an existing source group or specify a new one. Subsequently, you get a list of the source sets defined in the selected source group file. Selecting a source group, the Edit source sets window appears with a list of the source sets defined in the group. Using the Source set option of the menu enables you to edit and save source sets.
Note, that source groups contain always a full list of emission sources. The source set 'Other' is automatically compiled and includes all remaining sources not selected in one of the source sets of the active source group.
Menu path:
Model / Edit source groups
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