RAINS-ASIA:
AN ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA

Wes Foell, Markus Amann, Greg Carmichael, Michael Chadwick, Jean-Paul Hettelingh, Leen Hordijk, Zhao Dianwu (eds.)

FINAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE BANK BY THE PROJECT TEAM
December 1995

ON-LINE VERSION
January 1999
 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

 
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (pdf file 59 kb)

Authors: Leen Hordijk, Wes Foell, Jitendra Shah

1.1 Acid rain in Asia: the problem

1.2 Project history

1.3 Goal of the projects

1.4 Terms of Reference for the Program

1.5 Major meetings and workshops held during the project

1.6 Team and network in Asia

 References
 

CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT (pdf file 45 kb)

Authors: Markus Amann, Janusz Cofala, Leen Hordijk

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Integrated assessment of air pollution in Asia

2.3 Relevant policy questions

2.4 The concept of integrated assessment of air pollution in Asia

2.5 The RAINS model B an overview

2.6 Implementation
 
 

 CHAPTER 3: ENERGY MODULE  (pdf file 238 kb)

Authors: Collin Green, John Legler, Ashok Sarkar, Wes Foell

With contributions from: Markus Amann, Janusz Cofala, Torleif Haugland, Ram Shrestha, and Sribas Bhattacharya
 

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Overview of Methodology

3.3 RESGEN and RAINS-Asia Databases

3.4 Energy Scenario Assumptions

3.5 Energy/Economic Analysis

3.6 Energy Scenario Results

3.7 Summary and Conclusions

3.8 References
 

 CHAPTER 4: EMISSIONS AND CONTROL  (pdf file 132 kb)

Authors: David Streets, Markus Amann, Neelo Bhatti, Janusz Cofala, Collin Green

4.1 Introduction
4.2 The gridded emissions inventory (1987-88)

4.3 Current and future emissions in ENEM

4.4 Technical emission control options and costs

4.5 Conclusions and recommendations

References

  
CHAPTER 5: THE ATMOS MODULE-LONG RANGE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF SULFUR IN ASIA (pdf file 797 kb)

Authors: Gregory Carmichael and Richard L. Arndt

5.1 Summary

5.2 Overview of ATMOS sub-project

5.3 Acid deposition modelling

5.4 Acid deposition modeling for Asia

5.5 ATMOS modeling results

5.6 Monitoring and focal center activities

5.7 Other modeling activities

5.8 Uncertainty

5.9 References
 

 CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACIDIC DEPOSITION (pdf file 327 kb)

J.-P. Hettelingh, M.J. Chadwick, H. Sverdrup, D. Zhao (eds.)

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Establishing sensitivity criteria for Asian ecosystems using two approaches

6.3 Background data and mapping the sensitivity in Asia

6.4 Computation and mapping of critical loads in Asia

6.5 Conclusions and recommendations

6.6 References

 

 CHAPTER 7: SCENARIOS OF FUTURE ACIDIFICATION IN ASIA: EXPLORATORY CALCULATIONS (pdf file 238 kb)

Authors: Markus Amann, Janusz Cofala

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Energy pathways

7.3 A reference emission scenario: base case energy path without additional measures to control emissions

7.4 Exploring the technical potential for reducing SO2 emissions: The BAT (Best Available Technology) scenario

7.5 An advanced emission control technology (ACT) scenario

7.6 A basic control technology (BCT) scenario

7.7 A scenario with local applications of advanced technologies (LACT)

7.8 Relocation of plants in sensitive regions

7.9 Implications of the energy efficiency pathway

7.10 Conclusions
 

 ANNEXES

Annex 1 Critical BC/A1 Ratios (pdf file 488 kb)

Annex 2 Data Production and Reliability; Relative Buffering Rates and Estimated Weathering Rates (pdf file 2674 kb)

Annex 3 Application and Evaluation of Critical Load Methods for Acid Deposition in Gunma, Japan (pdf file 419 kb)

Annex 4 Application of Critical Loads in China (pdf file 2845 kb)

Annex 5 Summary Report of Impact Workshops Held at RCEES, Beijing (pdf file 473 kb)