RAINS-Asia: The Energy and Emissions (ENEM) Module

The ENEM module contains energy and emissions data bases (developed primarily from in-country data sources), covering 94 separate regions in 23 countries, including 355 individual large point sources (such as large power plants or industrial sites). It allows users to choose future energy scenarios, calculate the resulting emissions levels, and to answer various policy-related questions such as:

• What will future levels of sulfur emissions be for a given economic/energy scenario?
• What are possible control strategies to reduce sulfur emissions, and what are the estimated costs to implement these controls?
• What effect do changes in energy efficiencies have on the resulting sulfur emissions?
• What environmental improvements would result from the relocation of a large emission source from a sensitive ecological area to a less sensitive region?

RAINS-Asia: Trends in SO₂ Emissions for different Scenarios

While the necessary data were available for some countries from previously published studies, for many countries this information had to be developed from secondary sources. Data on energy use by fuel type and geographic region, the size and location of large point sources, and fuel characteristics (sulfur content, emission factors, etc.) for various fuels, were compiled. The model includes emissions data developed specifically for this project from 17 countries, and previously published emissions estimates for six other countries.

The ENEM module also performs cost calculations for implementing the selected emission reduction strategies. The model calculates total life-cycle costs, including investment-related start-up costs (such as installation, construction, and working capital), fixed operating costs (such as maintenance, taxes, and overhead), and variable operating and maintenance costs (such as additional labour and waste disposal). The parameters used in the calculations are determined to be either common or country-specific. Common parameters, which apply to all instances of a specific technology, include installation lifetimes, sulfur removal efficiency, and energy and material requirements. Country-specific parameters include such items as interest rates, average plant capacity utilization, boiler/furnace size, and energy and material prices.

RAINS-Asia: SO₂ Abatement Costs by Source Sector

The module also produces national "cost curves" that rank the available abatement measures in terms of their overall cost-effectiveness. Since factors such as energy use patterns and technological infrastructure differ greatly between countries in the region, there are large differences in these national cost curves.

ENEM was developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) with a wide network of energy research institutions playing an instrumental role in gathering these data.

For more information on emission estimates, contact: Resource Management Associates, Argonne National Laboratories, IIASA

For more information on emission control technologies and costs, contact: Argonne National Laboratories, IIASA

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