Direct Effects of Sulfur on Forests in Europe - A Regional Model of Risk

A simple dynamic model for the sensitivity and risk in forests under long-term exposure to airborne sulfur is presented. The model is an interpretation of results from long-term forest damage and sulfur dioxide measurements in Czechoslovakia, and it focuses on damage caused by direct, foliar impacts. The input to the model is the annual average SO2 concentration, and the accumulation of impact over time is incorporated. In a regional application of the model, sensitivity is defined as a function of the effective temperature sum. Sensitivity and risk maps of Europe in relation to direct impacts of sulfur are presented.

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