Technical description on the growth study datasets

Asami Miketa
Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Program

Updated on 6 June 2005

This document contains the description of the datasets used for a greenhouse gas initiative (GGI) project on the construction of a new economic growth scenario generator (Miketa, A., 2004: Economic Models of the Technological Progress and their Estimation Results for SEDIM, interim draft, Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, October 2004).

The datasets contain basic economic data and estimated total factor productivity at country levels. All of the data is presented in constant 2000 US prices (using market exchange rate) and constant 2000 international prices (using purchasing power parity) and covers the time period from 1945 onwards (most economic data starts in 1960’s). The data also includes regional aggregates for GDP.

Please cite the data as follows:
Miketa, A., 2004: Technical description on the growth study datasets. Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, October 2004. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/ECS/data_am/index.html

For questions and suggestions, please send your comments to Asami Miketa.

The dataset has two parts: regional data and international data files. The regional data files contain data for each country by region and compiled based on published international datasets. Most of the regional data files are available on the ECS web site. To download the files, registration is required. The international data files are primarily obtained from other databases published from institutes and includes country data.

REGIONAL DATASETS

INTERNATIONAL DATASETS

2. Description of the data

2.1 Dataset: His_data_xxx files The country data is arranged by topics in their respective region (see region list). The main data sources are taken from the International Financial Statistics (IFS) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Development Indicator (WDI) of the World Bank. The data is compiled from one of the two sources wherever each source had a longer time period available (in many cases, IFS was used, whereas for many developing countries, WDI data was applied). The files have following 16 worksheets.
GFCF worksheet	Data is either IFS’s “gross fixed capital formation” (in some exceptional cases, “gross capital formation” instead) taken from worksheet GFCF in IFS_data.xls or the WDI’s “gross fixed capital formation” taken from the worksheet GFCF in WDI.xls. The units are in current local currency and in current prices.
Inventory Change worksheet	Data is either IFS’s “changes in inventories” (worksheet inventory_change in IFS_data.xls) or WDI’s “Changes in inventories” (worksheet inventory_change in WDI.xls). The units are in local currency and in current prices.
Saving worksheet	Data here is calculated as worksheet GFCF data minus worksheet Inventory change data in the same file.
Saving rate worksheet	Data here is taken from either worksheet saving rate in IFS_data.xls or worksheet saving_rate in WDI.xls.
Employment worksheet	Data is “Civilian Employment”, taken from Groningen Data Center (World in GGDC_Employment.xls). See below for the reference.
Workers worksheet	Data is “worker”, taken from Easterly and Levine Database (worksheet workers in Easterly_Levine_data.xls). Data stops in 1991. See below for the reference.
Population worksheet	Data is either IFS’s “population” (worksheet population in IFS_data.xls) or WDI’s “population” (worksheet population in WDI.xls).
realGDP$00 worksheet	Data is taken either from worksheet RealGDP2000$ in IFS_data.xls or from worksheet GDPconstant00$ in WDI.xls.
NFCF_$00 worksheet	“Net fixed capital formation” (in US dollars at 2000 constant prices with market exchange rate). Data is calculated as data in saving rate worksheet multiplied by data in realGDP$00 worksheet in the same file.
Kratio worksheet	Data is ratio of capital stock estimate over GDP, both in local currency at 1987 constant prices, taken from Nehr database (worksheet Kratio in Nehru_K.xls). For Eastern European countries, data is taken from Penn World Tables (worksheet Kratio2 PWT56.xls). For the former Soviet Union countries, data is taken from Easterly and Fischer database (worksheet Kratio USSR_KS.xls). See below for the corresponding references.
NehrK$00 worksheet	Data is total physical capital stock estimate in US dollar at 2000 constant prices, based on estimate by Nehru and Dhareshwar. The original unit in Nehru and Dhareshwar’s database was in local currency at 1987 constant prices (worksheet K in Nehru.xls). This was converted into US dollar at 2000 constant prices by multiplying capital stock-GDP ratio in worksheet Kratio (which is based on local currency at 1987 constant prices) with GDP in US dollar at 2000 constant prices (worksheet realGDP$00) in the same file.
OwnestimateK$00 worksheet	Capital stock estimate calculated using the inventory method (Kt=Kt-1+I(1-d)). Initial capital stock (K0) is taken from worksheet NehrK$00 and annual investment series (I) is taken from worksheet NFCF_$00).
Regime_score worksheet	Data is taken from POLITY IV project database (regime_score.xls). See below for reference.
EducationP worksheet	Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)” taken from WDI database (WDI_education.xls).
EducationD worksheet	Public spending on education per person data, calculated as worksheet EducationP times worksheet realGDP$00 divided by worksheet population in the same file.
Conflict worksheet	Status of a country with respect to conflict taken from armedconflicts.xls. It can be classified under 4 possible status levels: 1) country is not listed as location of a conflict, 2) country is listed as location of a minor armed conflict, 3) country is listed as location of an intermediate armed conflict, and 4) country is listed as location of a war.
2.2 Dataset: xxx_inputfile.xls files Data is arranged in a way that can be readily used by the Eviews program, i.e., statistical software used for the growth study.
Country index worksheet	Defines country index code.
EMP worksheet	Data is taken from employment sheet in His_data_xxx file.
GDP worksheet	Data is taken from realGDP$00 sheet in His_data_xxx file.
REG worksheet	Data is taken from Regime_score sheet in His_data_xxx file.
EDU worksheet	Data is taken from EducationD sheet in His_data_xxx file.
KST worksheet	Data is taken from OwnEstimateK$00 sheet in His_data_xxx file.
WAR worksheet	Data is taken from conflict sheet in His_data_xxx file.
2.3 Dataset: GDP_regional.xls
Region list worksheet	Gives all the country names and corresponding regions.
CompleteGDP00$ worksheet	Regional GDP in US dollar at 2000 constant prices calculated as a sum of GDP of countries in the region in US dollar at 2000 constant prices. The aggregations are made in His_data_xxx files. Detail of the calculation is given in the appendix.
2.4 Dataset: TFP.xls
TFP worksheet	TFP data for 73 countries, calculated by the author. Details about the calculation can be found in Miketa, A., 2004: Economic models of the technological progress and their estimation results for SEDIM, interim draft, Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, October 2004.
2.5 Dataset: Armedconflicts.xls file The data set is downloaded from the International peace research Institute: Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, Armed Conflict, Version 2.1, released 4 February 2004, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/, Accessed October, 2004.
Countries worksheet	List of countries and country codes in used in the Armed Conflict database.
Monadic worksheet	Original Monadic dataset downloaded from PRIO.
Location worksheet	Location data extracted from the Monadic database in a pivot table format. (0: country not listed as location of a conflict, 1: country is listed as location of a minor armed conflict, 2: country is listed as location of an intermediate armed conflict, 3: country is listed as location of a war).
Location2 worksheet	The same location data in a non-pivot table format.
2.6 Dataset: Easterly_Levine_Data.xls file The dataset was originally downloaded from the World Bank web site : Easterly, W. and Ross Levine, “It’s not factor accumulation: stylized facts and growth models”, Mimeo, World Bank and University of Minnesota, September 1999. Accessed July, 2000.
KAPW (Summers and Heston) worksheet	Capital per worker data taken from PTW 5.6.
KAPW (using disagg. Inv.) worksheet	Capital per worker data used in Easterly and Levine paper. Capital stock is calculated using disaggregated investment.
KAPW (using agg. Inv.) worksheet	Capital per worker data used in Easterly and Levine paper. Capital stock is calculated using aggregated investment.
K stock (using disagg. Inv.) worksheet	Capital stock data used in Easterly and Levine paper. Capital stock is calculated using disaggregated investment.
K stock (using agg. Inv.) worksheet	Capital stock data used in Easterly and Levine paper. Capital stock is calculated using aggregated investment.
Workers worksheet	Workers data used in Easterly and Levine paper.
Output per worker worksheet	Output per worker data used in Easterly and Levine paper.
2.7 Dataset: GGDC_Employment.xls file Civilian Employment data for 101 countries, taken from Groningen database: Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) and The Conference Board, Total Economy Database, February 2004, http://www.ggdc.net, Accessed October, 2004.
World worksheet	Summary of the civilian employment data for 101 countries.
Asia worksheet	Original dataset for Asia downloaded from GGDC database.
EEU_Asia worksheet	Original dataset for Central Asia and Eastern Europe downloaded from GGDC database.
LAM worksheet	Original dataset for Latin America downloaded from GGDC database.
ARF worksheet	Original dataset for Africa downloaded from GGDC database.
MEA worksheet	Original dataset for Middle East countries downloaded from GGDC database.
Other worksheet	Original dataset for small European countries downloaded from GGDC database.
LAM worksheet	Original dataset for OECD countries downloaded from GGDC database.
2.8 Dataset: IEA.xls file GDP data in US dollar at 1995 constant prices, taken from IEA’s database.
GDP_OECD worksheet	GDP data in US dollar at 1995 constant prices taken from IEA’s Energy Balances of OECD countries.
GDP_nonOECD worksheet	GDP data in US dollar at 1995 constant prices taken from IEA’s Energy Balances of non OECD countries.
Note worksheet	GDP estimate in US dollar at 2000 constant prices based on IEA data.
2.9 IFS_data.xls file Various economic data taken from IFS database (Version: November 2003).
GFCF worksheet	Gross fixed capital formation data, in local currency and in current prices, taken from the IFS database. The original data is published in the Systems of National Accounts by the United Nations.
Inventory change worksheet	Changes in inventory data, in local currency and in current prices, taken from the IFS database. The original data is published in the Systems of National Accounts by the United Nations.
Saving worksheet	Gross fixed capital formation minus inventory change in the IFS database. The unit is in local currency and in current prices.
Saving rate worksheet	Data in Saving worksheet divided with data in GDP worksheet. The unit is in local currency and in current prices.
Population worksheet	Data is taken from IFS database. Data is sometimes supplemented with population data published in the WDI database. The original data is published in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics by the United Nations.
GDP worksheet	GDP data, in local currency and in current prices, taken from IFS database. The original data is published in the Systems of National Accounts by the United Nations.
GDPdeflator1995 worksheet	GDP deflator (base year 1995=100) data, taken from IFS database. The original data is published in the Systems of National Accounts by the United Nations.
GDPdeflator1990 worksheet	GDP deflator (base year 1990=100) data, calculated from “GDPdeflator1995”.
RealGDP1990prices worksheet	GDP data in local currency at 1990 constant prices, calculated as data in GDP worksheet divided with data in GDPdeflator1990 worksheet.
RealGDP1990$ worksheet	GDP data in US dollar at 1990 constant prices, calculated as data in RealGDP1990prices worksheet divided with market exchange rate for 1990, taken from NC_perdollar_ave.
GDPdeflator2000 worksheet	GDP deflator (base year 2000=100) data, calculated from “GDPdeflator1995”.
RealGDP2000prices worksheet	GDP data in local currency at 2000 constant prices, calculated as data in GDP worksheet divided with data in GDPdeflator2000 worksheet.
RealGDP2000$ worksheet	GDP data in US dollar at 2000 constant prices, calculated as data in RealGDP2000prices worksheet divided with market exchange rate for 2000, taken from NC_perdollar_ave.
RealInvestment worksheet	Savings in US dollar at 1990 constant prices, calculated as saving rate multiplied with data in RealGDP1990$ worksheets.
NC_perdollar_ave worksheet	Market exchange rate data, taken from the IFS database. Average market exchange rate per US$ (rf or alternatively, rh average market exchange rate per national currency).
2.10 IFS_worker.xls file Employment related data from the IFS database.
Employment worksheet	Employment data taken from the IFS database.
Labour_force worksheet	Labour force data taken from the IFS database. The original data is published in Yearbook of Labour Statistics by ILO.
Unemployment worksheet	Unemployment rate (in percent) data taken from the IFS database.
2.11 Nehru_K.xls file Data is taken from the World Bank’s web site: Nehru, V. and A. Dhareshwar, (1993), “A New Database on Physical Capital Stock: Sources, Methodology, and Results,” Rivista de Analisis Economico, 8, 37-59.
Data worksheet	Original data files from the World Bank. All in local currency at 1987 constant prices.
Depreciation_rate worksheet	Implied depreciation rate used in Nehru and Dhareshwar’s capital stock estimation.
K worksheet	Capital stock data, re-arranged from Data.
Kratio worksheet	The ratio of capital stock to GDP in local currency at 1987 constant prices.
GFCF_LUC86 worksheet	Gross domestic fixed investment, re-arranged from Data worksheet. The units are in local currency at 1987 constant prices.
Pricedeflator worksheet	Price deflator (1987=100), taken from either IFS or WDI database.
GFCF_Current worksheet	Gross domestic fixed investment, in local currency and in current prices, calculated as data in GFCF_LUC86 worksheet multiplied with data in Pricedeflator worksheet.
GFCF_current2 worksheet	Gross domestic fixed investment, in local currency and in current prices, re-arranged from GFCF_Current worksheet.
2.12 PWT56_K.xls file Data is taken from Penn World Tables, version 5.6.
PWT56 worksheet	Original data table downloaded from PWT 5.6 web site.
Kratio worksheet	Ratio of capital stock and GDP in the PWT database, in a pivot table format. Note that the ratio calculated here is generally smaller than the ratio calculated using the Nehru-Dhareshwar database. This is probably because that the depreciation rate used in the calculation is higher in the PWT compared with the one used in the Nehru-Dhareshwar dataset (4%).
Kratio2 worksheet	Ratio of capital stock and GDP in the PWT database, in a non-pivot table format.
KAPW1 worksheet	Capital stock per worker taken from PWT5.6.
RGDPL1 worksheet	GDP in international dollar and in 1985 constant prices, taken from PWT 5.6.
KAPW2 worksheet	Capital stock per worker, rearranged from KAPW1.
RGDPL2 worksheet	GDP in international dollar and in 1985 constant prices,, rearranged from RGDPL1.
K stock (Summers and Heston) worksheet	K stock (Summers and Heston) worksheet Capital stock data, calculated as data in KAPW1 worksheet times data in workers worksheet in Easterly_Levine_Data.xls. (In PWT, worker data is not published, and capital stock data is only given in terms of capital stock per worker).
K ratio in SH worksheet	Capital stock data (from K stock worksheet) divided with GDP (from RGDPL1 worksheet).
2.13 PWT6-1-GDP.xls file Data is taken from Penn World Tables, version 6.1: Alan Heston, Robert Summers and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002
PWT6-1 worksheet	GDP data from Penn World Tables version 6.1 in an original format.
RGDPL worksheet	GDP per capita in international dollar at constant prices, rearranged from PWT6-1.xls worksheet.
CGDP worksheet	Gross domestic product per capita in international prices and in current prices, rearranged from PWT6.1.xls worksheet.
2.14 Regime_score.xls file Data is downloaded from POLITY IV project database: M. Marshall and K. Jaggers, POLITY IV PROJECT, Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1980-2002, Dataset Users’ manual, 2002. Accessed October 2004.
Regime_score worksheet	Regime-score (“combined policy score” in the database) is calculated as a difference of two composite indexes, one measuring level of autocracy, and the other measuring level of democracy.
AUTOC worksheet	Autocracy index, taken from the POLITY IV database.
DEMOC worksheet	Democracy index, taken from the POLITY IV database.
P4v2002 worksheet	Data downloaded from the POLITY IV web site.
2.15 SESS.xls file Data is downloaded from Soviet Economic Statistical Series (SESS) database from Slavic Research Center at Hokkaido University in Japan. SESS contains official economic data from the former Soviet Union. Accessed in October, 2004.
S111 worksheet	Gross Social Product data.
S121 worksheet	National income produced data.
S122 worksheet	National income used data.
Pricedeflator worksheet	Estimated GDP deflater.
2.16 USSR_KS.xls file Capital stock data for former Soviet Union republics. Data is downloaded from the World Bank web site: W. Easterly and S. Fischer. 1995. "The Soviet Economic Decline" World Bank Economic Review, (forthcoming). Accessed in October, 2004.
Note worksheet	Technical note from the authors of the database.
Kratio worksheet	The ratio between capital stock estimates and NMP.
Total capital stock worksheet	Capital stock estimates in original unit for former Soviet Union republics (in ruble at 1973 constant prices), in ruble and in current prices, and in ruble at 2000 constant prices.
CAP worksheet	Original capital stock estimates, total and disaggregations into different sectors.
Total NMP worksheet	NMP estimates in original unit for the former Soviet Union republics (in rubles at 1973 constant prices). Data for 1990 was estimated using the data from the WDI.
NMP worksheet	Original Net Material Product, total and disaggregations into different sectors.
2.17 WDI.xls file Data is taken from World Development Indicator (WDI) database (Version: 2002).
GDS worksheet	Gross domestic savings (in local currency and in current prices). Gross domestic savings are calculated as GDP less final consumption expenditure (total consumption) in the WDI database.
GFCF worksheet	Gross fixed capital formation (in local currency and in current prices). Gross fixed capital formation (formerly gross domestic fixed investment) in the WDI database includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.
Inventory_change worksheet	Changes in inventories (in local currency and in current prices). Inventories in the WDI database are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and “work in progress.”
NFCF worksheet	Net fixed capital formation, calculated as data in GFCF worksheet minus data in inventory_change worksheet.
Saving_rate worksheet	Net fixed capital formation (NFCF worksheet) divided by GDP (GDP_current worksheet).
Comparison_with_WDI worksheet	Cross check of the saving rate, calculated using WDI database and IFS database.
GDP_current worksheet	GDP (in local currency and in current prices), taken from WDI database.
GDP_cons worksheet	GDP (in local currency at current prices), taken from the WDI database.
Price_deflator worksheet	GDP deflator, calculated as GDP in local currency and in current prices divided with GDP in local currency at current prices.
Pricedeflator95 worksheet	GDP deflator (1995=100), calculated based on Price_deflator.
Pricedelfator00 worksheet	GDP deflator (2000=100), calculated based on Price_deflator.
GDP_constant00 worksheet	GDP in local currency and in current prices divided by GDP in local currency at constant prices.
GDPconstant00$ worksheet	GDP in constant currency at 2000 constant prices (GDPconstant00 worksheet) divided by market exchange rate for 2000 taken from MEX worksheet.
GDP_current$ worksheet	GDP (in US dollar and in current prices) taken from the WDI database.
GDPconstant95$ worksheet	GDP (in US dollar at 1995 constant prices), taken from the WDI database.
MEX worksheet	GDP in current prices in local currency and in current prices (GDP_current worksheet) divided with GDP in US dollar and in current prices (GDP_current$ worksheet).
Population worksheet	Population data, taken from the WDI database.
WDI worksheet	Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI), taken from the WDI database.
2.18 WDI_education.xls file Education related data taken from the WDI database.
LwithP worksheet	Labor force with primary education (% of total), taken from the WDI database.
LwithS worksheet	Labor force with secondary education (% of total), taken from the WDI database.
LwithT worksheet	Labor force with tertiary education (% of total), taken from the WDI database.
Publicspending worksheet	Public spending on education, total (% of GDP), taken from the WDI database.
enrollment_P worksheet	School enrollment, primary (% gross), taken from the WDI database.
enrollment_S worksheet	School enrollment, secondary (% gross), taken from the WDI database.
enrollment_T worksheet	School enrollment, tertiary (% gross), taken from the WDI database.
2.19 WDI_worker.xls file Labour related data taken from the WDI database.
Labour force total worksheet	Labor force, total, taken from the WDI database.
Unemployment worksheet	Unemployment, total (% of total labor force).

• Easterly, W. and S. Fischer, 1995: The Soviet Economic Decline, World Bank Economic Review, Washington D.C., http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth/ddeasfis.htm (accessed in October, 2004).
• Easterly, W. and R. Levine, 1999: It’s not factor accumulation: stylized facts and growth models, Mimeo, World Bank and University of Minnesota, September 1999.
• Heston, A., Summers R., Aten, B., Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002.
• International Energy Agency, 2004: Energy Balances of OECD countries, 200x edition (CD ROM), Paris.
• International Energy Agency, 2004: Energy Balances of non-OECD countries, 200x edition (CD ROM), Paris.
• International Monetary Fund, 2003: International Financial Statistics, November 2003 version (CD ROM), Washington D.C.
• Gleditsch, N.P., P. Wallensteen, M. Eriksson, M. Sollenberg and H. Strand, 2004: Armed Conflict, Version 2.1, released 4 February 2004, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
• Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) and The Conference Board, Total Economy Database, February 2004, http://www.ggdc.net (accessed October, 2004).
• Nehru, V. and A. Dhareshwar, 1993: A New Database on Physical Capital Stock: Sources, Methodology, and Results,” Rivista de Analisis Economico, 8:37-59.
• Marshall, M. and K. Jaggers, 2002: POLITY IV PROJECT, Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1980-2002, Dataset Users’ manual.
• Slavic Research Center, Soviet Economic Statistical Series (SESS) database, Hokkaido University, Japan, http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/database/SESS.html (accessed in October, 2004).
• Summers, R. and A. Heston, 1991: The Penn World Tables (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of Intentional Comparison, 1950-1988, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106)2, pp327-68, May 1991 (updated in January 1995)
• The World Bank (2003) World Development Indicator, 2002 edition (CD ROM), Washington D.C.
  

Appendix

Calculation of regional GDP estimate in “completeGDP00$” of GDP_regional.xls

1) All countries data are converted to 2000 US$ unit [his_data_xxx.xls “realGDP$00”].

2) Three data sources for GDP are used: 1) IFS [IFS_data.xls “RealGDP2000$”], 2) WDI [WDI.xls “GDP_constant00$”], and 3) IEA database [IEA.xls “note’].
For most of the industrialized countries, IFS data is used. IFS data has the longest time coverage and, for this reason, I chose to use values from IFS data even if the value was available also from the WDI data. For most of developing countries, WDI data is used as this data usually had wider country coverage and less missing data for those countries, in comparison with IFS data. Growth rate of GDP data is taken from the IEA data (I could only use growth rate because it was based on 1995 US$) to supplement missing data for IFS and WDI. For smaller countries where WDI had data for only short periods, and no data available from neither IFS nor IEA, the growth rate of “other Asia”, “Other Africa”, “Other Latin America” from IEA [IEA.xls “GDP_nonOECD’] were used to estimate the missing data points.

3) I aggregated them all. Sometimes I excluded the smaller countries whose data was available only for a short period. However, the sum of the GDP of those excluded countries were always less than 1% of the regional GDP, thus no additional correction to population weight was done. Summary of regional GDP estimate is given in CompleteGDP00$ of GDP regional.xls.

Definition of World Regions