Evolution and Ecology Program - Evolving Biodiversity

	Evolution and Ecology Program
	Evolving Biodiversity
	Overview • Illustrations • Publications

Overview

The evolutionary dynamics of biodiversity address some of the most fundamental questions of all biological research. With direct observation or manipulation of biodiversity evolution rarely being feasible, models are playing a key role in characterizing the ecological, evolutionary, and environmental factors that cause the formation, maintenance, and loss of species. While classical speciation theory emphasized the role of geographic isolation in triggering diversification, modern approaches have revealed how selection pressures originating from local ecological interactions may drive surprisingly rapid adaptive radiations. Likewise, current theory has uncovered the active role evolutionary dynamics may play in the loss of biodiversity: far from being a reliable agent of species preservation, natural selection itself may be the driver of species extinctions. At the community level, past theory had focused mainly on the implications of evolutionary change for the stability of pairwise interactions. Today, the evolution and self-assembly of whole ecological communities and multi-species food webs is attracting mounting attention.

More background information

Over the next few years, the Program will devise integrative speciation models and investigate the evolutionary self-assembly and harvest-induced evolution of ecological communities.

Detailed research agenda

Illustration


(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)
Evolutionary branching can lead to sympatric speciation in sexual populations. Loci in this individual-based multi-locus model are diploid, diallelic, additive, and recombine freely. The five figures show the course of evolution of the frequency distribution of phenotypes (from high to low: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, black) for two metric traits: an ecological character (horizontal) and a second character that determines type and degree of assortative mating (vertical; upper half: assortative, lower half: disassortative). (a) Evolution starts from a randomly mating population; (b) directional selection drives the population towards an evolutionary branching point located at the center of the horizontal axis; (c) disruptive selection at the branching point induces increased degrees of assortative mating; (d) after this increase, disruptive selection can split the phenotypic distribution into two branches; until (e) gene flow between the two branches essentially ceases.

Publications

1.	Adams B, Sasaki A: Antigenic distance and cross-immunity, invasibility and coexistence of pathogen strains in an epidemiological model with discrete antigenic space. Theoretical Population Biology, 76(3):157-167 (2009).

2.	Adams B, Sasaki A: The Influence of Cross-Immunity on the Coexistence, Invasion and Evolution of Pathogen Strains. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-062 (2007).

3.	Andreasen V, Sasaki A: Shaping the Phylogenetic Tree of Influenza by Cross-Immunity. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-079 (2006).

4.	Baron JP, Ferrière R, Clobert J, Saint Girons H: Life History of Vipera Ursinii at Mont-Ventoux (France). Compte-rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 319:57-70 (1996).

5.	Belych I, Piccardi C, Rinaldi S: Synchrony in tritrophic food chain metacommunities. Biological Dynamics, 3(5):497-514 (September 2009) (2009).

6.	Boots M, Kamo M, Sasaki A: The Implications of Spatial Structure Within Populations to the Evolution of Parasites. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-078 (2006).

7.	Brandt H, Dieckmann U: Correlation Analysis of Fitness Landscapes. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-052 (1999).

8.	Brandt H: Correlation Analysis of Fitness Landscapes. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-058 (2001).

9.	Bronstein JL, Dieckmann U, Ferrière R: Coevolutionary Dynamics and the Conservation of Mutualisms. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-061 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 305-325 (2004).

10.	Bürger R, Gimelfarb A: Fluctuating Environments and the Role of Mutation in Maintaining Quantitative Genetic Variation. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-058 (2002). Genetical Research 80:31-46 (2002).

11.	Bürger R, Gimelfarb A: Genetic Variation Maintained in Multilocus Models of Additive Quantitative Traits Under Stabilizing Selection. Genetics 152:807-820 (1999).

12.	Bürger R, Krall C: Quantitative-Genetic Models and Changing Environments. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-062 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 171-186 (2004).

13.	Bürger R: Evolution of Genetic Variability and the Advantage of Sex and Recombination in Changing Environments. Genetics 153:1055-1069 (1999).

14.	Bürger R: Mathematical Properties of Mutation-Selection Models. Genetica 103:279-298 (1999).

15.	Cadet CR, Ferrière R, Metz JAJ: The Evolution of Dispersal under Demographic Stochasticity. The American Naturalist 162:427-441 (2003).

16.	Claessen D, Dieckmann U: Adaptive speciation through ontogenetic niche shifts. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 226-227 (Box 10.3) (2004).

17.	Colombo A, Dercole F, Rinaldi S: Remarks on metacommunity synchronization with application to prey-predator systems. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-077 (2008). American Naturalist 171:430-442 (2008).

18.	de Mazancourt C, Loreau M, Dieckmann U: Understanding Mutualism When There is Adaptation to the Partner. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-016 (2005). Journal of Ecology 93:305-314 (2005).

19.	Dercole F, Ferrière R, Rinaldi S: Ecological Bistability and Evolutionary Reversals under Asymmetrical Competition. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-053 (2002). Evolution 56:1081-1090 (2002).

20.	Dercole F, Gragnani A, Rinaldi S: Bifurcation analysis of Filippov's ecological models. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-067 (2006). Theoretical Population Biology 72:197-213 (2007).

21.	Dercole F, Loiacono D, Rinaldi S: Synchronization in Ecological Networks: A Byproduct of Darwinian Evolution? IIASA Interim Report IR-06-068 (2006). International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 7:2435-2446 (2007).

22.	Dercole F, Maggi S: Detection and Continuation of a Border Collision Bifurcation in a Forest Fire Model. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-084 (2005).

23.	Dercole F, Niklas K, Rand R: Self-thinning and Community Persistence in a Simple Size-structured Dynamical Model of Plant Growth. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-085 (2005).

24.	Dercole F, Rinaldi S: Analysis of Evolutionary Processes: The Adaptive Dynamics Approach and Its Applications. Princeton University Press (2008).

25.	Dercole F, Rinaldi S: Evolution of Cannibalistic Traits: Scenarios Derived from Adaptive Dynamics. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-054 (2002). Theoretical Population Biology 62:365-374 (2002).

26.	Dercole F: Border Collision Bifurcations in the Evolution of Mutualistic Interactions. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-083 (2005). International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 15:2179-2190 (2005).

27.	Dercole F: Remarks on Branching-Extinction Evolutionary Cycles. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-077 (2003). Journal of Mathematical Biology 47:569-580 (2003).

28.	Dieckmann U, Brännström NA, HilleRisLambers R, Ito H: The Adaptive Dynamics of Community Structure. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-038 (2006). Takeuchi Y, Iwasa Y, Sato K (eds): Mathematics for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 145-177 (2007).

29.	Dieckmann U, Doebeli M: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Sexual Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-069 (2004). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 76-107 (2004).

30.	Dieckmann U, Doebeli M: On the Origin of Species by Sympatric Speciation. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-013 (1999). Nature 400:354-357 (1999).

31.	Dieckmann U, Ferrière R: Adaptive Dynamics and Evolving Biodiversity. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-063 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 188-224 (2004).

32.	Dieckmann U, Herben T, Law R: Spatio-Temporal Processes in Plant Communities. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-026 (1997). Lepenies W (ed): Year-Book 1995/96 of the Institute for Advanced Study Berlin, Nicolaische Verlagsbuchandlung, Berlin, pp. 296-326 (1997).

33.	Dieckmann U, Herben T, Law R: Strategies in Spatial Ecological Modeling: Reliability Robustness and Generality. Lepenies W (ed): Year-Book 1995/96 of the Institute for Advanced Study Berlin, Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin, pp. 238-248 (1997).

34.	Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ, (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2000).

35.	Dieckmann U, Law R: Relaxation Projections and the Method of Moments. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-040 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 412-452 (2000).

36.	Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D: Adaptive Speciation. IIASA Book BK-04-004 (2004). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2004).

37.	Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D: Adaptive Speciation: Introduction. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-067 (2004). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 1-14 (2004).

38.	Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K, (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2002).

39.	Dieckmann U, O'Hara B, Weisser W: The Evolutionary Ecology of Dispersal. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-108 (1998). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:88-90 (1999).

40.	Dieckmann U, Sigmund K, Sabelis MW, Metz JAJ: Epilogue. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 460-463 (2002).

41.	Dieckmann U, Tautz D, Doebeli M, Metz JAJ: Adaptive Speciation: Epilogue. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-071 (2004). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 380-389 (2004).

42.	Dieckmann U: Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-Host Interacations. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-007 (2002). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 39-59 (2002).

43.	Dieckmann U: Assortative mating and spatial coexistence. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 306-307 (Box 15.1) (2004).

44.	Diekmann O, de Jong MCM, Metz JAJ: A Deterministic Epidemic Model Taking Account of Repeated Contacts Between the Same Individuals. Journal of Applied Probabilities 35:448-462 (1998).

45.	Diekmann O, de Koeijer AA, Metz JAJ: On the Final Size of Epidemics within Herds. Canadian Applied Mathematics Quarterly 4:21-30 (1996).

46.	Diekmann O, Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ, Nakaoka S, de Roos A: Daphnia revisited: Local stability and bifurcation theory for physiologically structured population models explained by way of an example. IIASA Interim Report IR-09-071 (2009). Journal of Mathematical Biology (2009).

47.	Diekmann O, Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ: Physiologically structured population models: Towards a general mathematical theory. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-046 (2007). Takeuchi Y, Iwasa Y, Sato K (eds): Mathematics for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 5-20 (2007).

48.	Diekmann O, Metz JAJ, Heesterbeek H: The Legacy of Kermack and McKendrick. Mollison D (ed): Epidemic Models: Their Structure and Relation to Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 95-115 (1995).

49.	Doebeli M, Blok HJ, Leimar O, Dieckmann U: Multimodal Pattern Formation in Phenotype Distributions of Sexual Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-046 (2006). Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 274:347-357 (2007).

50.	Doebeli M, Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Tautz D: What We Have Also Learned: Adaptive Speciation is Theoretically Plausible. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-018 (2005). Evolution 59:691-695 (2005).

51.	Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Adaptive Dynamics as a Mathematical Tool for Studying the Ecology of Speciation Processes. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-022 (2005). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:1194-1200 (2005).

52.	Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Spatial Structure. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-070 (2004). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 140-165 (2004).

53.	Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation Caused by Different Types of Ecological Interactions. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-040 (2000). The American Naturalist 156:S77-S101 (2000).

54.	Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Speciation Along Environmental Gradients. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-079 (2002). Nature 421:259-264 (2003).

55.	Egas M, Dieckmann U, Sabelis MW: Evolution Restricts the Coexistence of Specialists and Generalists - the Role of Trade-off Structure. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-004 (2004). American Naturalist 163:518-531 (2004).

56.	Egas M, Sabelis MW, Dieckmann U: Evolution of Specialization and Ecological Character Displacement of Herbivores Along a Gradient of Plant Quality. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-019 (2005). Evolution 59:507-520 (2005).

57.	Fasani S, Rinaldi S: local stabilization and network synchronization: The case of stationary regimes. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 7(3):623-639 (July 2010) (2010).

58.	Feng ZL, Dieckmann U, Levin SA: Disease Evolution: Models, Concepts, and Data Analyses. American Mathematical Society (2006).

59.	Ferrière R, Belthoff JR, Olivieri I, Krackow S: Evolving Dispersal: Where to Go Next? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:5-7 (2000).

60.	Ferrière R, Bronstein JL, Rinaldi S, Law R, Gauduchon M: Cheating and the Evolutionary Stability of Mutualisms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 269:773-780 (2002).

61.	Ferrière R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D: Evolutionary Conservation Biology. IIASA Book BK-04-003 (2004). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2004).

62.	Ferrière R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D: Evolutionary Conservation Biology: Epilogue. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-066 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 356-363 (2004).

63.	Ferrière R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D: Evolutionary Conservation Biology: Introduction. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-060 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 1-12 (2004).

64.	Ferrière R, Le Galliard J: Invasion Fitness and Adaptive Dynamics in Spatial Population Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-043 (2001). Clobert J, Dhondt A, Danchin E, Nichols J (eds): Dispersal, Oxford University Press, pp. 57-79 (2001).

65.	Ferrière R, Michod RE: The Evolution of Cooperation in Spatially Heterogeneous Populations. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-029 (1996). The American Naturalist 147:692-717 (1996).

66.	Ferrière R, Michod RE: Wave Patterns in Spatial Games and the Evolution of Cooperation. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-041 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 318-332 (2000).

67.	Ferrière R, Sarrazin F, Legendre S: Matrix Population Models Applied to Viability Analysis and Conservation: Theory and Practice Using the ULM Software. Acta Oecologica 17:629-656 (1996).

68.	Ferrière R: Spatial Structure and Viability of Small Populations. Revue d'Ecologie-La Terre et la Vie: p. 135 (2000).

69.	Fischer B, Taborsky B, Dieckmann U: Unexpected Patterns of Plastic Energy Allocation in Stochastic Environments. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-035 (2008).

70.	Gabriel W, Ferrière R: From individual interactions to population viability. Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 19-38 (2004).

71.	Galis F, Metz JAJ: Evolutionary novelties: the making and breaking of pleiotropic constraints. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-047 (2007). Integrative and Comparative Biology 47:409-419 (2007).

72.	Galis F, Metz JAJ: Testing the Vulnerability of the Phylotypic Stage: On Modularity and Evolutionary Conservation. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-034 (2001). Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:195-204 (2001).

73.	Galis F, Metz JAJ: Why Are There So Many Cichlid Species? On the Interplay of Speciation and Adaptive Radiation. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-072 (1997). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:1-2 (1998).

74.	Galis F, van Alphen JJM, Metz JAJ: Pseudo-Homeosis in Avian Feet - Response. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:256 (2002).

75.	Galis F, van der Sluijs I, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ, Nussbaumer M: Do large dogs die young? IIASA Interim Report IR-06-072 (2006). Journal of Experimental Zoology 308B:119-126 (2007).

76.	Galis F, van Dooren TJM, Feuth JD, Metz JAJ, Witkam A, Ruinard S, Steigenga MJ, Wijnaendts LCD: Extreme selection in humans against homeotic transformations of cervical vertebrae. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-071 (2006). Evolution 60:2643-2654 (2006).

77.	Galis F, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: Conservation of the Segmented Germband Stage: Robustness or Pleiotropy?. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-050 (2002). Trends in Genetics 18:504-509 (2002).

78.	Gardmark A, Dieckmann U, Lundberg P: Life-History Evolution in Harvested Populations: The Role of Natural Predation. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-008 (2003). Evolutionary Ecology Research 5:239-257 (2003).

79.	Geritz SAH, Kisdi É, Meszéna G, Metz JAJ: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Ecological Underpinnings. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-068 (2004). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 54-73 (2004).

80.	Geritz SAH, Kisdi É, Meszéna G, Metz JAJ: Evolutionary Singular Strategies and the Adaptive Growth and Branching of the Evolutionary Tree. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-114 (1996). Evolutionary Ecology 12:35-57 (1998).

81.	Gratzer G, Canaham C, Dieckmann U, Fischer A, Iwasa Y, Law R, Lexer MJ, Sandmann H, Spies TA: Spatio-temporal development of forests - Current trends in field methods and models. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-080 (2004). Oikos 107:3-15 (2004).

82.	Gross T, Rudolph L, Levin SA, Dieckmann U: Generalized models reveal stabilizing factors in food webs. Science, 325(5941):747-750 (7 August 2009) (2009).

83.	Gyllenberg M, Hanski I, Metz JAJ: Spatial Dimensions of Population Viability. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-065 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 59-78 (2004).

84.	Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ: On Fitness in Structured Metapopulations. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-037 (1999). Journal of Mathematical Biology 43:545-560 (2001).

85.	Gyllenberg M, Parvinen K, Dieckmann U: Evolutionary Suicide and Evolution of Dispersal in Structured Metapopulations. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-056 (2000). Journal of Mathematical Biology 45:79-105 (2002).

86.	Hanski I, Heino M: Metapopulation-Level Adaptation of Insect Host Plant Preference and Extinction-Colonization Dynamics in Heterogeneous Landscapes. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-028 (2003). Theoretical Population Biology 63:309-338 (2003).

87.	Heesterbeek JAP, Metz JAJ: The Saturating Contact Rate in Epidemic Models. Isham V, Medley G (eds): Models for Infectious Human Diseases: Their Structure and Relation to Data. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 308-310 (1996).

88.	Heino M, Hanski I: Evolution of Migration Rate in a Spatially Realistic Metapopulation Model. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-044 (2000). The American Naturalist 157:495-511 (2001).

89.	Heino M, Parvinen K, Dieckmann U: Evolution of Foraging Strategies on Resource Gradients. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-054 (2008).

90.	Heino M, Sabadell M: Influence of Coloured Noise on the Extinction Risk in Structured Population Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-056 (2002). Biological Conservation 110:315-325 (2003).

91.	Heino M: Evolution of Mixed Reproductive Strategies in Simple Life-History Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-063 (1997).

92.	Heinz S, Mazzucco R, Dieckmann U: Speciation and the Evolution of Dispersal Along Environmental Gradients. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-053 (2008).

93.	Herben T, During HJ, Law R: Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Grassland Communities. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-042 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 48-64 (2000).

94.	HilleRisLambers R, Dieckmann U: Competition and Predation in Simple Food Webs: Intermediately Strong Trade-offs Maximize Coexistence. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-069 (2003). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270:2591-2598 (2003).

95.	Ito H, Dieckmann U: A New Mechanism for Recurrent Adaptive Radiations. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-048 (2007). American Naturalist 170:E96-E111 (2007).

96.	Jansen VAA, Sigmund K: Shaken, Not Stirred: On Permanence in Ecological Communities. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-101 (1998). Theoretical Population Biology 54:195-201 (1998).

97.	Johansson J, Dieckmann U: Evolutionary responses of communities to extinctions. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 11(4):561-588 (May 2009) (2009).

98.	Johansson J, Ripa J, Kuckländer N: The risk of competitive exclusion during evolutionary branching: Effects of resource variability, correlation and autocorrelation. Theoretical Population Biology, 77(2):95-104 (March 2010) (2010).

99.	Kamo M, Sasaki A, Boots M: The Role of Trade-Off Shapes in the Evolution and Coexistence of Virulence in Spatial Host-Parasite Interactions: An Approximate Adaptive Dynamical Approach. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-061 (2007).

100.	Kamo M, Sasaki A, Boots M: The Role of Trade-Off Shapes in the Evolution of Virulence in Spatial Host-Parasite Interactions: An Approximate Analytical Approach. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-075 (2006).

101.	Kamo M, Sasaki A: Evolution Towards Multi-Year Periodicity in Epidemics. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-080 (2005). Ecology Letters 8:378-385 (2005).

102.	Kawaguchi I, Sasaki A: The wave speed of intergradation zone in two- species lattice Müllerian mimicry model. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-076 (2006).

103.	Kisdi É, Geritz SAH: Adaptive Dynamics in Allele Space: Evolution of Genetic Polymorphism by Small Mutations in a Heterogeneous Environment. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-038 (1998). Evolution 53:993-1008 (1999).

104.	Kisdi É, Geritz SAH: Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation in Diploid Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-048 (1999).

105.	Kisdi É, Jacobs FJA, Geritz SAH: Red Queen Evolution by Cycles of Evolutionary Branching and Extinction. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-030 (2000). Selection 2:161-176 (2001).

106.	Kisdi É: Evolutionary Branching Under Asymmetric Competition. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-045 (1998). Journal of Theoretical Biology 197:149-162 (1999).

107.	Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ, Metz JAJ: Sex and Size in Cosexual Plants. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-078 (1997). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:260-265 (1997).

108.	Krakauer DC, Sasaki A: The Greater than Two-Fold Cost of Integration for Retroviruses. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-069 (2005).

109.	Kryazhimskiy S, Dieckmann U, Levin SA, Dushoff J: On state-space reduction in multi-strain pathogen models, with an application to antigenic drift in influenza A. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-051 (2007). Public Library of Science Computational Biology 8:e159 (2007).

110.	Kun Á, Oborny B, Dieckmann U: Intermediate landscape disturbance maximizes metapopulation density. Landscape Ecology, 24(10):1341-1350 (December 2009) (2009).

111.	Law R, Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ: Introduction. Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2000).

112.	Law R, Dieckmann U: A Dynamical System for Neighborhoods in Plant Communities. Ecology 81:2137-2148 (2000).

113.	Law R, Dieckmann U: Moment Approximations of Individual-Based Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-043 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 252-269 (2000).

114.	Law R, Dieckmann U: On Scaling Up from Individual-Based Processes to Macroscopic Ecological Dynamics in Spatially-Extended Communities. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-046 (1998).

115.	Law R, Dieckmann U: Symbiosis Without Mutualism and the Merger of Lineages in Evolution. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-074 (1997). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:1245-1253 (1998).

116.	Law R, Herben T, Dieckmann U: Non-Manipulative Estimates of Competition Coefficients in a Montane Grassland Community. Journal of Ecology 85:505-517 (1997).

117.	Law R, Murrell DJ, Dieckmann U: Population Growth in Space and Time: Spatial Logistic Equations. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-061 (2003). Ecology 84:252-262 (2003).

118.	Law R, Purves DW, Murrell DJ, Dieckmann U: Causes and Effects of Small-Scale Spatial Structure in Plant Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-040 (2002). Silvertown J, Antonovics J (eds): Integrating Ecology and Evolution in a Spatial Context, British Ecological Society Symposium Volume Series, Vol.14, Blackwell Science, pp. 21-44 (2001).

119.	Le Galliard J, Ferrière R, Dieckmann U: Adaptive Evolution of Social Traits: Origin, Trajectories, and Correlations of Altruism and Mobility. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-020 (2005). American Naturalist 165:206-224 (2005).

120.	Le Galliard J, Ferrière R, Dieckmann U: The Adaptive Dynamics of Altruism in Spatially Heterogeneous Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-006 (2003). Evolution 57:1-17 (2003).

121.	Leimar O, Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Evolution of Phenotypic Clusters through Competition and Local Adaptation along an Environmental Gradient. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-050 (2008). Evolution 62:807-822 (2008).

122.	Loeuille N, Loreau M, Ferrière R: Consequences of Plant-Herbivore Coevolution on the Dynamics and Functioning of Ecosystems. Journal of Theoretical Biology 217:369-381 (2002).

123.	Maggi S, Rinaldi S: Synchronization and peak-to-peak dynamics in networks of low-dimensional chaotic oscillators. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-069 (2006). International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16:3631-3642 (2006).

124.	Mathias A, Kisdi É: Evolutionary Branching and Coexistence of Germination Strategies. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-014 (1999).

125.	May RM, Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Antigenic Oscillations and Shifting Immunodominace in HIV-1 Infections. Nature 375:606-611 (1995).

126.	May RM, Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Immune Response Against Multiple Epitopes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175:325-353 (1995).

127.	Mazzucco K, Mazzucco R: Wege der Mikroevolution und Artbildung bei Bienen (Apoidea, Hymenoptera): Populationsgenetische und empirische Aspekte. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-049 (2007).

128.	Meszéna G, Czibula I, Geritz SAH: Adaptive Dynamics in a 2-Patch Environment: A Simple Model for Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-001 (1997). Journal of Biological Systems 5:265-284 (1997).

129.	Meszéna G, Metz JAJ: Species Diversity and Population Regulation: The Importance of Environmental Feedback Dimensionality. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-045 (1999).

130.	Metz JAJ, Dieckmann U, Law R: Epilogue. Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 513-516 (2000).

131.	Metz JAJ, Gyllenberg M: How Should We Define Fitness in Structured Metapopulation Models? Including an Application to the Calculation of Evolutionarily Stable Dispersal Strategies. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-019 (1999). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 268:499-508 (2001).

132.	Metz JAJ, Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ: A different model to explain delayed germination. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-059 (2008).

133.	Metz JAJ, Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ: A different model to explain delayed germination. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 11:177-190 (February 2009) (2009).

134.	Metz JAJ, McCune A: Predictions from the changing geometry of fitness landscapes. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 372-373 (2004).

135.	Metz JAJ, Mollison D, van den Bosch F: The Dynamics of Invasion Waves. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-039 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 482-512 (2000).

136.	Metz JAJ, Mylius SD, Diekmann O: When Does Evolution Optimize? On the Relation Between Types of Density Dependence and Evolutionarily Stable Life History Parameters. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-004 (1996).

137.	Metz JAJ, van den Bosch F: Velocities of Epidemic Spread. Mollison D (ed): Epidemic Models: Their Structure and Relation to Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 150-186 (1995).

138.	Mizera F, Meszéna G: Spatial Niche Packing, Character Displacement and Adaptive Speciation Along an Environmental Gradient. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-062 (2003). Evolutionary Ecology Research 5:363-382 (2003).

139.	Murrell DJ, Dieckmann U, Law R: On moment closures for population dynamics in continuous space. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-081 (2004). Journal of Theoretical Biology 229:421-432 (2004).

140.	Nakabayashi J, Sasaki A: A mathematical model of the stoichiometric control of Smad complex formation in TGF-B signal transduction pathway. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 259(2):389-403 (21 July 2009) (2009).

141.	Nakabayashi J, Sasaki A: Optimal Phosporylation Step Number of Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathway. Journal of Theoretical Biology 233:413-421 (2005).

142.	Nakabayashi J, Sasaki A: The function of temporally ordered viral gene expression in the intracellular replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Journal of Theoretical Biology, 261(1):156-164 (7 November 2009) (2009).

143.	Nowak MA, Page KM, Sigmund K: Fairness versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game. Science 289:1773-1775 (2000).

144.	Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Biodiversity - Bacterial Game Dynamics. Nature 418:138-139 (2002).

145.	Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Games on Grids. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-038 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 135-150 (2000).

146.	Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Super- and Coinfection: The Two Extremes. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-008 (2002). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 124-137 (2002).

147.	Oborny B, Meszéna G, Szabó G: Dynamics of Populations on the Verge of Extinction. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-033 (2005).

148.	Ohtsuki A, Sasaki A: Epidemiology and Disease-Control Under Gene-for-Gene Plant-Pathogen Interaction. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-068 (2005).

149.	Omori R, Adams B, Sasaki A: Coexistence conditions for strains of influenza with immune cross-reaction. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 262(1):48-57 (7 January 2010) (2010).

150.	Pang JF, Kluetsch C, Zou XJ, Zhang AB, Luo LY, Angleby H, Ardalan A, Ekström C, Sköllermo A, Lundeberg J, Matsumura S, Leitner T, Zhang Y, Savolainen P: mtDNA data indicate a single origin for dogs south of Yangtze River, less than 16,300 years ago, from numerous wolves. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26(12):2849-2864 (December 2009) (2009).

151.	Parvinen K, Dieckmann U, Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ: Evolution of Dispersal in Metapopulations with Local Density Dependence and Demographic Stochasticity. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-035 (2000). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:143-153 (2003).

152.	Parvinen K, Egas M: Dispersal and the evolution of specialisation in a two-habitat type metapopulation. Theoretical Population Biology, 66:233-248 (2004).

153.	Parvinen K, Metz JAJ: On Diploid Versus Clonal ESSes in Metapopulations. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-044 (2002).

154.	Parvinen K: Evolutionary Branching of Dispersal Strategies in Structured Metapopulations. Journal of Mathematical Biology 45:106-124 (2002).

155.	Pasemann F, Dieckmann U: Evolved Neurocontrollers for Pole Balancing. Mira J, Moreno-Diaz R, Cabestany J (eds): Biological and Artificial Computation: From Neuroscience to Technology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1240, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 1279-1287 (1997).

156.	Pasemann F, Steinmetz U, Dieckmann U: Evolving Structure and Function of Neurocontrollers. Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, July 6-9 1999, Madison, Washington DC, USA. IEEE Press, pp. 1973-1978 (1999).

157.	Pineda-Krch M, Blok HJ, Dieckmann U, Doebeli M: A tale of two cycles - Distinguishing quasi-cycles and limit cycles in finite predator-prey populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-040 (2006). Oikos 116:53-64 (2007).

158.	Ravigné V, Dieckmann U, Olivieri I: Live where you thrive: Joint evolution of habitat choice and local adaptation facilitates specialization and promotes diversity. The American Naturalist, 174(4):E141-E169 (October 2009) (2009).

159.	Ravigné V, Olivieri I, Dieckmann U: Implications of Habitat Choice for Protected Polymorphisms. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-005 (2004). Evolutionary Ecology Research 6:125-145 (2004).

160.	Read AF, Metz JAJ, et al.: Group Report: Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations. Grenfell BT, Dobson AP (eds): Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 450-477 (1995).

161.	Rinaldi S, Lin J: A derivation of the statistical characteristics of forest fires. Ecological Modelling, 220(7):898-903 (2009).

162.	Rinaldi S: Synchrony in slow-fast metcommunities. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 19(7):2447-2453 (2009).

163.	Ripa J, Heino M: Linear Analysis Solves Two Puzzles in Population Dynamics: Route to Extinction and Extinction in Coloured Environments. Ecology Letters 2:219-222 (1999).

164.	Rossberg AG, Brännström NA, Dieckmann U: How trophic interaction strength depends on traits: A conceptual framework for representing multidimensional trophic niche spaces. Theoretical Ecology, 3(1):13-24 (February 2010) (2010).

165.	Rossberg AG, Ishii R, Amemiya T, Itoh K: The top-down mechanism for body-mass-abundance scaling. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-062 (2008). Ecology 89:567-580 (2008).

166.	Rossberg AG, Yoshida K, Ishii R: Introduction to special section on current food-web theory. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-074 (2008). Ecological Complexity 5:71-72 (2008).

167.	Rossberg AG: Part-whole relations between food webs and the validity of local food-web descriptions. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-065 (2008). Ecological Complexity 5:121-131 (2008).

168.	Rueffler C, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: The Evolution of Resource Specialization Through Frequency-Dependent and Frequency-Independent Mechanisms. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-073 (2006). American Naturalist 167:81-93 (2006).

169.	Rueffler C, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: The Evolution of Simple Life-Histories: Steps Towards a Classification. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-083 (2006).

170.	Rueffler C, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: The Interplay Between Behavior and Morphology in the Evolutionary Dynamics of Resource Specialization. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-082 (2006). American Naturalist 169:E34-E52 (2007).

171.	Rundle HD, Schluter D, Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M: Double invasion and frequency-dependent selection. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Doebeli M, Tautz D (eds): Adaptive Speciation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 204-205 (Box 9.5) (2004).

172.	Sabelis MW, Metz JAJ: Evolution Management: Taking Stock - Relating Theory to Experiment. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-009 (2002). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 379-398 (2002).

173.	Scheffer M, Szabò S, Gragnani A, van Nes EH, Rinaldi S, Kautsky N, Norberg J, Roijackers RMM, Franken RJM: Floating Plant Dominance as a Stable State. PNAS 100:4040-4045 (2003).

174.	Serizawa H, Amemiya T, Enomoto T, Rossberg AG, Itoh K: Mathematical modeling of colony formation in algal blooms: phenotypic plasticity in cyanobacteria. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-066 (2008). Ecological Research 23:841-850 (2008).

175.	Serizawa H, Amemiya T, Rossberg AG, Itoh K: Computer simulations of seasonal outbreak and diurnal vertical migration of cyanobacteria. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-067 (2008). Limnology 9:185-194 (2008).

176.	Sigmund K, Nowak MA: Primer - Evolutionary Game Theory. Current Biology 9:503-505 (1999).

177.	Sigmund K, Sabelis MW, Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ: Introduction. Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 1-6 (2002).

178.	Sigmund K, Szathmary E: Merging Lines and Emerging Levels. Nature 392:439-441 (1998).

179.	Sigmund K: Darwin's "Circles of Complexity": Assembling Ecological Communities. Complexity 1:40-44 (1995).

180.	Szabo P, Meszéna G: Limiting Similarity Revisited. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-050 (2005).

181.	Szabo P, Scheuring I, Czaran T, Szathmary E: In Silico Simulation Reveal that Replicators with Limited Dispersal Evolve Towards Higher Efficiency and Fidelity. Nature 420:340-343 (2002).

182.	Taborsky B, Dieckmann U, Heino M: Unexpected Discontinuities in Life-History Evolution under Size-Dependent Mortality. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-004 (2003). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270:713-721 (2003).

183.	Taborsky B, Guyer L, Taborsky M: Size-assortative mating in the absence of mate choice. IIASA Interim Report IR-08-061 (2008).

184.	Taborsky B, Guyer L, Taborsky M: Size-assortative mating in the absence of mate choice. Animal Behaviour, 77(2):439-448 (February 2009) (2009).

185.	Taborsky B: Mothers determine offspring size in response to own juvenile growth conditions. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-034 (2006). Biology Letters 2:225-228 (2006).

186.	Taborsky B: The influence of juvenile and adult environments on life-history trajectories. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-033 (2006). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273 :741-750 (2006).

187.	Troost T, Kooi B, Dieckmann U: Joint evolution of predator body size and prey-size preference. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-050 (2007). Evolutionary Ecology 22:771-799 (2008).

188.	van den Bosch F, Metz JAJ, Zadoks J: Pandemics of Focal Plant Disease: A Model. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-083 (1997). Phytopathology 89:495-505 (1999).

189.	van den Bosch F, Metz JAJ: The Continental Spread of Plant Disease. Aspects in Applied Biology 46:249-251 (1996).

190.	van den Bosch F, Metz JAJ: The Velocity of Spatial Population Expansion: An Overview of the Individual Based Approach. Aspects in Applied Biology 46:231-238 (1996).

191.	van Doorn G, Dieckmann U, Weissing FJ: Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection: A Critical Re-Evaluation. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-003 (2004). American Naturalist 163:709-725 (2004).

192.	van Doorn G, Dieckmann U: The Long-term Evolution of Multi-locus Traits Under Frequency-dependent Disruptive Selection. IIASA Interim Report IR-06-041 (2006). Evolution 60:2226-2238 (2006).

193.	Vaz S, Martin CS, Eastwood P, Ernande B, Charpentier A, Maeden G, Coppin F: Modelling species distributions using regression quantiles. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-056 (2007). Journal of Applied Ecology 45:204-217 (2008).

194.	Vukics A, Asbóth J, Meszéna G: Speciation in Multidimensional Evolutionary Space. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-028 (2004). Physical Review 68:041-903 (2003).

195.	Whitlock MC, Bürger R: Fixation of New Mutations in Small Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-064 (2004). Ferriere R, Dieckmann U, Couvet D (eds): Evolutionary Conservation Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 155-169 (2004).

196.	Wielgus RB, Sarrazin F, Ferrière R, Clobert J: Estimating Effects of Adult Male Mortality on Grizzly Bear Population Growth and Persistence Using Matrix Models. Biological Conservation 98 :293-303 (2001).

197.	Yahara K, Fukuyo M, Sasaki A, Kobayashi I: Evolutionary maintenance of selfish homing endonuclease genes in the absence of horizontal transfer. PNAS, 106(44):18861-18866 (3 November 2009) (2009).

198.	Yahara K, Horie R, Kobayashi I, Sasaki A: Evolution of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair by Gene Conversion: Coevolution Between a Phage and Restriction-Modification System. IIASA Interim Report IR-07-060 (2007).

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